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Emotional foundations of music as a non-pharmacological pain management tool in modern medicine.
This paper reviews the use of music as an adjuvant to the control of pain, especially in medical procedures. Surgery causes stress and anxiety that exacerbates the experience of pain. Self-report of and physiological measures on post-surgical patients indicate that music therapy or music stimulation reduces the perception of pain, both alone and when part of a multimodal pain management program, and can reduce the need for pharmaceutical interventions. However, multimodal pain therapy, including non-pharmacological interventions after surgery, is still rare in medical practice. We summarize how music can enhance medical therapies and can be used as an adjuvant with other pain-management programs to increase the effectiveness of those therapies. As summarized, we currently know that musical pieces chosen by the patient are commonly, but not always, more effective than pieces chosen by another person. Further research should focus both on finding the specific indications and contra-indications of music therapy and on the biological and neurological pathways responsible for those findings (related evidence has implicated brain opioid and oxytocin mechanisms in affective changes evoked by music). In turn, these findings will allow medical investigators and practitioners to design guidelines and reliable, standardized applications for this promising method of pain management in modern medicine.
Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2011 Oct;35(9):1989-99. Bernatzky G, Presch M, Anderson M, Panksepp J. Department of Organismic Biology, Neurosignaling Unit, University of Salzburg, Hellbrunnerstr 34, A-5020 Salzburg, Austria.
Depending on which narcotic is involved, a person can quickly become addicted to a drug. Some such as marijuana and prescription pain killers may take longer to create a bonifide addiction. However, others such as meth amphetamines and cocaine can easily create an addiction from the very first use.
There are two factors involved in a drug addiction. The first comes from the strength of the addictive drug as mentioned previously. The second comes from the repetitive use of the drug. The more that the behavior is repeated; the quicker it becomes a habit. Of course, that is true for just...
Self-esteem, which is synonymous with self worth, is thought by many to refer to a combination of beliefs and values. The way I look at it, essentially self worth is directly affected by one's ability to cope and overcome the challenges in life. If you feel like you have sufficient resources in terms of finances and/or talents and abilities, you may feel like there's not anything that you can't handle. However, if those challenges are deemed to exceed your abilities, then quickly or increasingly over time you will find that your feelings of self-worth may diminish. Over time this may have a...
Generally, grief is considered a response to the loss of someone or something to which a person is attached. More specifically, however, this condition represents a situation in which there is a major disruption in the patterns to which a person has become accustomed. As the patterns of interaction with a person or thing with which a person is specifically strongly bonded are some of the most powerful, the coping and adjustment period is often one with very intense suffering. This they have been when there's a loss of a spouse, a parent, a sibling, or even the loss of a home due to disaster...
